What Is Macular Degeneration?
Macular Degeneration (MD) is a common eye disorder that affects the macula, the part of the retina responsible for sharp, central vision. As the tissue deteriorates, your ability to see fine details, such as faces, print, or road signs, is compromised—though your peripheral vision remains intact, meaning the condition does not lead to total blindness.
There are two main forms of the condition:
- Dry Macular Degeneration (slow-progressing; 85–90% of cases)
- Wet Macular Degeneration (faster and more severe)
Early detection and monitoring are essential for preserving your vision. Annual eye exams are strongly advised, especially if you are over 60 or at increased risk.
Dry vs Wet Macular Degeneration
Dry AMD
Occurs due to the gradual thinning of macular tissue and buildup of drusen (yellow deposits). It develops slowly and may cause:
- Mild central vision loss
- Difficulty reading, recognising faces, or driving
- Blurred or distorted images
Wet AMD
Caused by abnormal blood vessels growing under the retina, which can leak fluid and blood. This leads to:
- Sudden, severe central vision loss
- Dark spots, distortion, or rapid deterioration
- Scar tissue forming in the retina
Although less common, wet AMD requires urgent attention.
Symptoms of Macular Degeneration
Patients with MD may experience:
- Blurry or fuzzy central vision
- Distorted images – straight lines may appear wavy
- Difficulty recognising faces
- Shadows or dark patches in the centre of vision
- Poor colour contrast
- Slow visual recovery after bright light exposure
- Visual acuity drops (e.g. from 20/20 to 20/80)
An Amsler grid test is often used to detect changes early. Patients may notice missing lines or blank spots.
Causes and Risk Factors
Although the exact cause remains unclear, several genetic and lifestyle factors contribute to the development of MD.
Key risk factors include:
- Age (especially 60+)
- Family history of MD
- Smoking (a major contributor to vision loss)
- High blood pressure and cardiovascular disease
- Obesity and physical inactivity
- Excessive sunlight exposure
- Poor nutrition (low in leafy greens, omega-3s, and antioxidants)
- Certain medications, including some anti-malarials and antipsychotics
Diagnosis and Monitoring
Macular Degeneration is diagnosed through:
- Dilated eye exams
- Retinal imaging (OCT and fundus photography)
- Amsler grid testing (to detect visual distortion)
Once diagnosed, it is crucial to monitor your vision regularly and report any sudden changes.
Treatment Options
While there is no cure, several treatment strategies can help slow progression and support functional vision.
For Dry AMD:
- Nutritional supplements (lutein, zeaxanthin, zinc, and omega-3s)
- Healthy diet with cold-water fish and leafy greens
- UV-blocking sunglasses
- Lifestyle changes: quit smoking, manage blood pressure
For Wet AMD:
- Anti-VEGF injections (e.g. Lucentis, Eylea, Macugen) – reduce vessel growth and leakage
- Photodynamic therapy (PDT) – seals leaky vessels using light and medication
- Low vision aids – magnifiers, reading devices, and high-contrast lighting
Your optometrist will help detect changes early and refer you to a retinal specialist if required.
Seeing distortions, dark patches, or struggling with detail?
Book a comprehensive retinal screening at Davida van der Merwe Optometrist to detect macular degeneration early and safeguard your vision.
